Color matching and accurate shade selection are the challenging problems common to restorative dentistry. In ceramometal restorations, the type of substructure alloy affects the final color of bonded porcelain. Nickel- chromium alloy is the most commonly used one that its Iranian product, namely Minalux, is similar to Verabond2.Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess and compare various color dimensions resulting from Minalux and Verabond2 alloys. Materials and Methods: Nine disks, approximately 16 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm thickness, were cast from each alloy. Then, porcelain Vita VMK68 A2 was baked onto the entire test disks, following the manufacturer"s instruction. Color samples, at the same time and under the same conditions, was measured by Data color spectrophotometer in CIE Lab System and Munsel system under four light sources (A, C, D65 and TL81). Then MATLAB TOOL BOX Statistic 5.2 was used to determine mean and bilateral variance analysis.Results: It was indicated that the F value on hue, value and chroma was less than of the table value stated with 99% coefficient confidence, confirming Ho theory. In other words, there were not any significant differences between ceramometal disks made of Minalux and Verabond2 in the three dimensions of color.Conclusion: Having desirable physical, mechanical and biological properties, Verabond2 can be replaced by Minalux alloy.

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many EFFECTS and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social EFFECTS of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

In the response phase the most important step is to assess disaster after occurrence. By disaster ASSESSMENT, we can obtain all the needed information for controlling, decision-making and also disaster planning. Lack of disaster ASSESSMENT causes you to make unsuitable decisions based on limited or inadequate data which leads to imperfect disaster response. According to IFRC, disaster response operation will have an unsuitable function without disaster ASSESSMENT. This paper presents the principles and concepts of disaster ASSESSMENT.

Background and Aim: Several methods have been suggested to measure gingival thickness. This study aimed to assess the reliability of VISUAL ASSESSMENT of facial gingival biotype of maxillary and mandibular teeth with or without using a periodontal probe in comparison with direct measurement. Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven healthy patients (25 women and 42 men) with a total of 100 hopeless teeth were selected for this study. Three methods were used to evaluate gingival thickness namely VISUAL ASSESSMENT, VISUAL ASSESSMENT with the use of periodontal probe and direct measurement using a caliper after extracting the hopeless tooth. One trained examiner performed all examinations. Patient demographics, tooth position, and the results of three ASSESSMENTs were recorded. The mean and standard deviation of gingival thickness were calculated. The three methods were compared using the chi-square test. Results: The accuracy of VISUAL ASSESSMENT method for the “ thin biotype” was 96. 7% [positive predictive value (PPV)=96. 7%], while it was 10. 3% for “ thick biotype” [negative predictive value (NPV)=10. 3%]. The accuracy of VISUAL ASSESSMENT with the use of periodontal probe for the thin biotype was 100% (PPV=100%), while it was 17. 1% for the thick biotype (NPV=17. 1%). The results of VISUAL ASSESSMENT method alone and with the use of periodontal probe were incorrect in 37% and 29% of the cases, respectively and this difference was significant (P<0. 01). Conclusion: Gingival biotype identification by ASSESSMENT with the use of periodontal probe is an adequately reliable method while VISUAL ASSESSMENT of gingival biotype by itself is not sufficient for proper diagnosis.

Background and Objective: The VISUAL absorption capacity (VAC) of a landscape expresses its ability to absorb the EFFECTS of development projects without losing its VISUAL quality and integrity. When development plans are implemented in local landscapes studying the VISUAL absorption capacity in tourism landscapes can be very beneficial to achieve sustainable planning and management. Manjil City is located in the vicinity of Sefidrud Dam’s lake and has high tourism potential, and its views have significant VISUAL value, however, the sites of wind turbines which were built in this area have had significant EFFECTS on the local landscape. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of absorption of the wind turbines’ impact by the existing local landscape and also to identify the zones with lower VISUAL sensitivity. Material and Methodology: The indicators were categorized into geomorphology, land cover, and visibility. Each of the layers’ weight was determined using the analytic network process (ANP) and then layers has been overlaid to calculate the VISUAL absorption capacity map of the study area. Findings: In the zone of the Rudbar site, the VISUAL absorption of the landscape is high, and therefore a high percentage of the VISUAL EFFECTS have been absorbed by the landscape, consequently it has a less negative impact on the key views. Discussion and Conclusion: The application of the viewing frequency criterion as one of the factors in assessing the VISUAL absorption capacity of a landscape can increase the accuracy of the results.

Background and Aim: Objective measurement of VISUAL acuity using VEP is high valued in patients with low levels of cooperation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of spatial frequency on VEP components in VISUAL acuity using Sweep VEP. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 63 medical students with an age of 22. 81 ±,3. 93 were selected. After a completed eye examination, refractive error was determined, and best-corrected VISUAL acuity as subjective was recorded by the Freiburg Acuity contrast test. Sweep VEP using the Roland electrophysiology system was recorded for various spatial frequencies from 2 to 37. 5 cycles per degree. VEP components were the latencies of N1, P1, N135, and the amplitude of VEP. Results: Repeated measures of the ANOVA test showed that the effect of spatial frequency on latencies and amplitude of VEP was significant (P<0. 001). Paired T-test showed that there was a significant difference between subjective VISUAL acuity and extrapolation of VISUAL acuity with VEP (P<0. 001). Conclusion: According to the significant relationship between VEP amplitude and spatial frequencies of the VISUAL stimuli obtained in this study, the Sweep VEP technique can be used as a valid and objective tool in the determination of VISUAL acuity, especially in patients with low levels of cooperation.

in this research, their EFFECTS on the flight of airplanes were investigated. The study area is the country of Iran, and the flight routes of Kermanshah, Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran. The research data includes maps of the Vertical Transect (profile) of the jet stream, the daily average of the Zonal wind (U-Wind) and meridional wind (V-Wind) components for the winter period of 2018 through NOAA/NCEP environmental databases. Also, flight route information was received from FlightRadar24 and Flightaware systems. First, by using Vertical Transect maps, the days containing strong U-Wind were extracted, and the average position of the core of the Jet Streams in the Zonal and meridional wind components, the Tropospheric level of 200 HP was detected. The list of flights was prepared, and the Zonal Wind maps were produced. Finally, the height of the flights was compared with the level of the currents of the Jet Streams, and the influence or lack of influence of the Jet Streams on the flights was studied. According to the results of the research, all the Jet Streams caused turbulence for all flights, and they caused a decrease in the speed of flights between Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran and an increase in the speed of flights between Kermanshah and Tehran according to the direction and type of Jet Streams. It was also found that all the Jet Streams had a speed of more than 90 knots, so the capacity to create tension and turbulence such as CAT was seen in them

Introduction: The present research investigates the EFFECTS of neurofeedback on VISUAL memory.Method: This study is an experimental study. For this reason, 30 students in 2 groups of experimental and placebo were investigated. Subjects were assessed with the Wechsler VISUAL Memory Scale in two stages (pre-test and post-test). Data were analyzed through ANCOVA.Results: The results revealed that after 20 sessions of neurofeedback training, the experimental group exhibited improvement in VISUAL memory. The two groups had significant differences in VISUAL memory.Conclusion: Neurofeedback (NF) refers to an operant conditioning paradigm where participants can learn voluntary control of distinct parameters of their electrical brain activity as measured by the electroencephalogram (EEG). Recent research focused on healthy individuals providing evidence that subjects are able to gain some control over different EEG components and thereby increase performance levels of memory, for example.